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Over the past century, the boundary conditions under which life can thrive have been pushed in every possible direction, encompassing broader swaths of temperature, pH, pressure, radiation, salinity, energy, and nutrient limitation. (Poly)Extremophiles Help Us Predict the Boundaries of Life In this article, we will review the current state of knowledge for the biospace in which life operates on Earth and will discuss it in a planetary context, highlighting knowledge gaps and areas of opportunity. Extremophile research also has implications for origin of life studies and the search for life on other planetary and celestial bodies. Extremophiles, especially those thriving under multiple extremes, represent a key area of research for multiple disciplines, spanning from the study of adaptations to harsh conditions, to the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving to occupy virtually all available environmental niches.

10Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, Ancona, Italy.9Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.8Department of Biology, University of Naples РІР‚СљFederico IIРІР‚Сњ, Naples, Italy.7Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.6NASA Astrobiology InstituteРІР‚в„ўs Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.5Department of Astronomy РІР‚вЂњ Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.4Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.3Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, United States.2Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.Wong 5,6, Shu Zhang 7 and Donato Giovannelli 2,8,9,10* Bojanova 1, Jayme Feyhl-Buska 1, Michael L.

Maximum size for total annihilation maps